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Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706
External_555
2,001
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
three generative lexicalised models for statistical parsing
[ "M Collins" ]
null
While earlier work in this direction concentrated on manual construction of rules , most of the recent work has been motivated by the observation that shallow syntactic information can be extracted using local information by examining the pattern itself , its nearby context and the local part-of-speech information . Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) . Research on shallow parsing was inspired by psycholinguistics arguments ( Gee and Grosjean , 1983 ) that suggest that in many scenarios ( e.g. , conversational ) full parsing is not a realistic strategy for sentence processing and analysis , and was further motivated by several arguments from a natural language engineering viewpoint .
2
null
Background
[ 134, 148 ]
[ [ { "index": 1, "word": "Thus", "lemma": "thus", "after": "", "pos": "RB", "characterOffsetEnd": 375, "segment_span": [ 0, 63 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 371, "originalText": "Thus", "ArgType": null, "before": " ", "is_...
[ [ { "index": 1, "word": "Research", "lemma": "research", "after": " ", "pos": "NN", "characterOffsetEnd": 961, "segment_span": [ 0, 16 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 953, "originalText": "Research", "ArgType": null, "before": " ...
Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( @@CITATION ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .
W01-0706_12
0
introduction
This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric .
K15-1001
P03-1021
2,015
2,003
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
minimum error rate training in statistical machine translation
[ "Franz Josef Och" ]
null
PE-dev was used to obtain w * to define the utility model . This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric . Note that the goal of our experi -
5
null
Uses
[ 37, 47 ]
[ [ { "index": 1, "word": "This", "lemma": "this", "after": " ", "pos": "DT", "characterOffsetEnd": 1004, "segment_span": [ 0, 18 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 1000, "originalText": "This", "ArgType": null, "before": " ", "...
[ [ { "index": 1, "word": "Note", "lemma": "note", "after": " ", "pos": "VB", "characterOffsetEnd": 1099, "segment_span": [ 0, 7 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 1095, "originalText": "Note", "ArgType": null, "before": " ", "i...
This was done by MERT optimization ( @@CITATION ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric .
K15-1001_30
0
experiments
She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) .
J05-3003
External_61276
2,005
2,001
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
duden—das stilworterbuch duden—the style dictionary
[ "editor Dudenredaktion" ]
null
The largest lexical evaluation we know of is that of Schulte im Walde ( 2002b ) for German . She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) . We will refer to this work and the methods and results presented by Schulte im Walde again in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 .
6
null
Background
[ 97, 116 ]
[ [ { "index": 1, "word": "She", "lemma": "she", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 1044, "segment_span": [ 0, 20 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 1041, "originalText": "She", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " ", "...
[ [ { "index": 1, "word": "We", "lemma": "we", "after": " ", "pos": "PRP", "characterOffsetEnd": 1161, "segment_span": [ 0, 10 ], "characterOffsetBegin": 1159, "originalText": "We", "ArgType": "subj", "before": " ", "is_...
She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( @@CITATION ) .
J05-3003_25
0
null
"The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to pat(...TRUNCATED)
J07-1005
External_17760
2,007
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
the wellbuilt clinical question a key to evidencebased decisions
[ "W Scott Richardson", "Mark C Wilson", "James Nishikawa", "Robert S Hayward" ]
null
"The second facet is independent of the clinical task and pertains to the structure of a well-built (...TRUNCATED)
2
null
Background
[ 111, 133 ]
[[{"index":1,"word":"The","lemma":"the","after":" ","pos":"DT","characterOffsetEnd":2068,"segment_sp(...TRUNCATED)
[[{"index":1,"word":"•","lemma":"•","after":" ","pos":"NN","characterOffsetEnd":1,"segment(...TRUNCATED)
"The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to pat(...TRUNCATED)
J07-1005_41
0
null
"Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head w(...TRUNCATED)
J05-3003
A97-1052
2,005
1,997
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
automatic extraction of subcategorization from corpora
[ "Edward Briscoe", "John Carroll" ]
null
"As a generalization , Briscoe ( 2001 ) notes that lexicons such as COMLEX tend to demonstrate high (...TRUNCATED)
6
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 0, 28 ]
[[{"index":1,"word":"Briscoe","lemma":"Briscoe","after":" ","pos":"NNP","characterOffsetEnd":230,"se(...TRUNCATED)
[[{"index":1,"word":"Precision","lemma":"precision","after":" ","pos":"NN","characterOffsetEnd":453,(...TRUNCATED)
"@@CITATION report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate(...TRUNCATED)
J05-3003_10
0
null
"This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over Charniak ( 2000 ) and Bods PCFG-reduc(...TRUNCATED)
E03-1005
A00-2018
2,003
2,000
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a maximumentropyinspired parser
[ "E Charniak" ]
null
"The highest accuracy is obtained by SL-DOP at 12 n 14 : an LP of 90.8 % and an LR of 90.7 % . This (...TRUNCATED)
5
null
CompareOrContrast
[ 62, 79 ]
[[{"index":1,"word":"This","lemma":"this","after":" ","pos":"DT","characterOffsetEnd":371,"segment_s(...TRUNCATED)
[[{"index":1,"word":"Compared","lemma":"compare","after":" ","pos":"VBN","characterOffsetEnd":497,"s(...TRUNCATED)
"This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over @@CITATION and Bods PCFG-reduction re(...TRUNCATED)
E03-1005_39
0
conclusion
"Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , pr(...TRUNCATED)
P10-2059
External_88748
2,010
2,005
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
contextual recognition of head gestures
[ "Louis-Philippe Morency", "Candace Sidner", "Christopher Lee", "Trevor Darrell" ]
null
"Louwerse et al. ( 2006 ) and Louwerse et al. ( 2007 ) study the relation between eye gaze , facial (...TRUNCATED)
2
null
Background
[ 223, 244 ]
[[{"index":1,"word":"Finally","lemma":"finally","after":"","pos":"RB","characterOffsetEnd":1521,"seg(...TRUNCATED)
[[{"index":1,"word":"Our","lemma":"we","after":" ","pos":"PRP$","characterOffsetEnd":1800,"segment_s(...TRUNCATED)
"Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , pr(...TRUNCATED)
P10-2059_16
0
introduction
"We use the agreement checker code developed by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2011 ) and evaluate our basel(...TRUNCATED)
J13-1008
P11-2062
2,013
2,011
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
a corpus for modeling morphosyntactic agreement in arabic gender number and rationality
[ "Sarah Alkuhlani", "Nizar Habash" ]
null
"We now turn to our second type of error analysis , the evaluation of the grammaticality of the pars(...TRUNCATED)
5
null
Uses
[ 47, 76 ]
[[{"index":1,"word":"We","lemma":"we","after":" ","pos":"PRP","characterOffsetEnd":1008,"segment_spa(...TRUNCATED)
[[{"index":1,"word":"The","lemma":"the","after":" ","pos":"DT","characterOffsetEnd":1250,"segment_sp(...TRUNCATED)
"We use the agreement checker code developed by @@CITATION and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser us(...TRUNCATED)
J13-1008_2
0
conclusion
"The diagnoser , based on Dzikovska et al. ( 2008b ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists o(...TRUNCATED)
P10-4003
External_22831
2,010
2,008
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
linking semantic and knowledge representations in a multidomain dialogue system
[ "Myroslava O Dzikovska", "James F Allen", "Mary D Swift" ]
null
"The knowledge base is used to check the factual correctness of the answers first , and then a diagn(...TRUNCATED)
3
null
Extends
[ 25, 48 ]
[[{"index":1,"word":"The","lemma":"the","after":" ","pos":"DT","characterOffsetEnd":1149,"segment_sp(...TRUNCATED)
[[{"index":1,"word":"At","lemma":"at","after":" ","pos":"IN","characterOffsetEnd":1335,"segment_span(...TRUNCATED)
"The diagnoser , based on @@CITATIONb ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , c(...TRUNCATED)
P10-4003_8
0
experiments
"The formalization of DLRs provided by Meurers ( 1995 ) defines a formal lexical rule specification (...TRUNCATED)
J97-4003
External_41778
1,997
1,995
a holistic lexiconbased approach to opinion mining
towards a semantics for lexical rules as used in hpsg
[ "Detmar Meurers" ]
null
"One thus needs to distinguish the lexical rule specification provided by the linguist from the full(...TRUNCATED)
2
null
Background
[ 38, 54 ]
[[{"index":1,"word":"The","lemma":"the","after":" ","pos":"DT","characterOffsetEnd":1794,"segment_sp(...TRUNCATED)
[[{"index":1,"word":"This","lemma":"this","after":" ","pos":"DT","characterOffsetEnd":2080,"segment_(...TRUNCATED)
"The formalization of DLRs provided by @@CITATION defines a formal lexical rule specification langua(...TRUNCATED)
J97-4003_36
0
introduction
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