commul/universal_dependencies

Dataset Card (v2.0) for Universal Dependencies Treebank

Version 2.0.0 introduces significant improvements and breaking changes:

• Parquet Format: faster loading with HuggingFace datasets >=4.0.0
• MWT Support: New mwt field provides structured multi-word token information
• Enhanced Security: No more trust_remote_code=True required
• Separate Versioning: Loader version (2.0.0) distinct from UD data version (2.17)

Breaking Changes:

• Token sequences now exclude MWT surface forms (matches UD guidelines)

• Requires datasets>=4.0.0 for Parquet support

• Migration Guide: See MIGRATION.md for detailed upgrade instructions

• Changelog: See CHANGELOG.md for complete release notes

Dataset Summary

Universal Dependencies is a project that seeks to develop cross-linguistically consistent treebank annotation for many languages, with the goal of facilitating multilingual parser development, cross-lingual learning, and parsing research from a language typology perspective. The annotation scheme is based on (universal) Stanford dependencies (de Marneffe et al., 2006, 2008, 2014), Google universal part-of-speech tags (Petrov et al., 2012), and the Interset interlingua for morphosyntactic tagsets (Zeman, 2008).

This is a (temporary) fork of /universal-dependencies/universal_dependencies.

Data Quality & Fidelity

This dataset achieves 100% fidelity for linguistic data (tokens, annotations, dependencies) and very high (~98%) fidelity for metadata. The Parquet files can be perfectly reconstructed back to the original CoNLL-U format with:

• All linguistic annotations preserved exactly
• Multi-word tokens (MWTs) and empty nodes fully supported
• Duplicate metadata keys preserved (1,323 sentences across 14 treebanks)
• Enhanced dependencies and rare annotation edge cases handled correctly

Recent improvements include fixes for:

• Double equals parsing in FEATS/MISC fields (e.g., Gloss==POSS)
• Empty nodes with ID < 1 (e.g., 0.1 for pro-drop subjects)
• Empty metadata values and keys without values
• Raw field parsing to bypass library bugs

For technical details, see CONLLU_PARSING.md in the ud-hf-parquet-tools repository.

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

# Load a specific treebank
ds = load_dataset("commul/universal_dependencies", "en_ewt", revision="2.17", split="train")

# Access sentence data
sentence = ds[0]
print(f"Sentence ID: {sentence['sent_id']}")
print(f"Text: {sentence['text']}")
print(f"Tokens: {sentence['tokens']}")

## TODO: Make helper functions available  
## post v2.0 universal_dependencies.py is not part of the Dataset any longer!
##
# Parse optional fields using helper functions
from universal_dependencies import parse_feats, parse_misc

for i, token in enumerate(sentence['tokens']):
    feats = parse_feats(sentence['feats'][i])  # Returns dict or {}
    misc = parse_misc(sentence['misc'][i])      # Returns dict or {}
    print(f"{token}: UPOS={sentence['upos'][i]}, feats={feats}, misc={misc}")

# Export back to CoNLL-U format
from universal_dependencies import write_conllu

# Write to stdout
write_conllu(ds)

# Write to file
write_conllu(ds, "output.conllu")

# Write to buffer (for other libraries)
import io
buffer = io.StringIO()
write_conllu(ds, buffer)
conllu_text = buffer.getvalue()

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

[More Information Needed]

Dataset Structure

All files use a revised version of the CoNLL-X format called CoNLL-U. Annotations are encoded in plain text files (UTF-8, normalized to NFC, using only the LF character as line break, including an LF character at the end of file).

• Revision (r2.17) specific documentation
• Latest UD CoNLL-U Format documentation

Data Instances

This dataset has 336 configurations (treebanks).

from datasets import get_dataset_config_names, load_dataset

# Get all available treebank configurations for revision="2.17"
configs = get_dataset_config_names("commul/universal_dependencies", revision="2.17")
print(f"Available treebanks: {len(configs)}")

# Example configurations:
# ['af_afribooms',
#  'akk_pisandub',
#  'aqz_tudet',
#  'sq_tsa',
#  'gsw_uzh',
#  'am_att',
#   ...
# ]

# Get the latest configurations
get_dataset_config_names("commul/universal_dependencies")

# Load a specific treebank
dataset = load_dataset("commul/universal_dependencies", "en_ewt")
print(dataset)

# Output:
# DatasetDict({
#     train: Dataset({
#         features: ['sent_id', 'text', 'comments', 'tokens', 'lemmas', 'upos', 'xpos', 'feats', 'head', 'deprel', 'deps', 'misc', 'mwt', 'empty_nodes'],
#         num_rows: 12544
#     })
#     dev: Dataset({
#         features: ['sent_id', 'text', 'comments', 'tokens', 'lemmas', 'upos', 'xpos', 'feats', 'head', 'deprel', 'deps', 'misc', 'mwt', 'empty_nodes'],
#         num_rows: 2001
#     })
#     test: Dataset({
#         features: ['sent_id', 'text', 'comments', 'tokens', 'lemmas', 'upos', 'xpos', 'feats', 'head', 'deprel', 'deps', 'misc', 'mwt', 'empty_nodes'],
#         num_rows: 2077
#     })
# })

Data Fields

Each example in the dataset contains the following fields:

• sent_id (string): Sentence ID from the CoNLL-U file metadata
• text (string): Full sentence text (surface form)
• tokens (list of strings): Syntactic word forms (MWT surface forms excluded)
• lemmas (list of strings): Lemmas for each syntactic word
• upos (list of strings): Universal POS tags
• xpos (list of strings): Language-specific POS tags
• feats (list of strings): Morphological features in UD format
• head (list of strings): Head indices for dependency relations
• deprel (list of strings): Dependency relation labels
• deps (list of strings): Enhanced dependency graph
• misc (list of strings): Miscellaneous annotations
• mwt (list of dicts): Multi-Word Token information (NEW in v2.0)
  • id (string): Token range (e.g., "1-2")
  • form (string): Surface form (e.g., "don't")
  • misc (string): MWT-specific metadata
• empty_nodes (list of dicts): Empty Node Token information (NEW in v2.0)
• comments (list of strings): All comments including duplicates, empty values, and original ordering (NEW in v2.0)

Example:

from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("commul/universal_dependencies", "en_ewt", split="train")
print(dataset[0])

# Output:
{
    'sent_id': 'weblog-juancole.com_juancole_20051126063000_ENG_20051126_063000-0001',
    'text': 'Al-Zaman : American forces killed Shaikh Abdullah al-Ani, the preacher at the mosque in the town of Qaim, near the Syrian border.',
    'comments': [
        'newdoc id = weblog-juancole.com_juancole_20051126063000_ENG_20051126_063000',
        '__SENT_ID__',
        'newpar id = weblog-juancole.com_juancole_20051126063000_ENG_20051126_063000-p0001',
        '__TEXT__'
    ],
    'tokens': ['Al', '-', 'Zaman', ':', 'American', 'forces', 'killed', 'Shaikh', 'Abdullah', 'al', '-', 'Ani', ',', 'the', 'preacher', 'at', 'the', 'mosque', 'in', 'the', 'town', 'of', 'Qaim', ',', 'near', 'the', 'Syrian', 'border', '.'],
    'lemmas': ['Al', '-', 'Zaman', ':', 'American', 'force', 'kill', 'Shaikh', 'Abdullah', 'al', '-', 'Ani', ',', 'the', 'preacher', 'at', 'the', 'mosque', 'in', 'the', 'town', 'of', 'Qaim', ',', 'near', 'the', 'Syrian', 'border', '.'],
    'upos': [10, 1, 10, 1, 6, 0, 16, 10, 10, 10, 1, 10, 1, 8, 0, 2, 8, 0, 2, 8, 0, 2, 10, 1, 2, 8, 6, 0, 1],
    'xpos': ['NNP', 'HYPH', 'NNP', ':', 'JJ', 'NNS', 'VBD', 'NNP', 'NNP', 'NNP', 'HYPH', 'NNP', ',', 'DT', 'NN', 'IN', 'DT', 'NN', 'IN', 'DT', 'NN', 'IN', 'NNP', ',', 'IN', 'DT', 'JJ', 'NN', '.'],
    'feats': ['Number=Sing', None, 'Number=Sing', None, 'Degree=Pos', 'Number=Plur', 'Mood=Ind|Number=Plur|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin', 'Number=Sing', 'Number=Sing', 'Number=Sing', None, 'Number=Sing', None, 'Definite=Def|PronType=Art', 'Number=Sing', None, 'Definite=Def|PronType=Art', 'Number=Sing', None, 'Definite=Def|PronType=Art', 'Number=Sing', None, 'Number=Sing', None, None, 'Definite=Def|PronType=Art', 'Degree=Pos', 'Number=Sing', None], 
    'head': ['0', '3', '1', '7', '6', '7', '1', '7', '8', '8', '12', '8', '15', '15', '8', '18', '18', '15', '21', '21', '18', '23', '21', '28', '28', '28', '28', '21', '1'],
    'deprel': ['root', 'punct', 'flat', 'punct', 'amod', 'nsubj', 'parataxis', 'obj', 'flat', 'flat', 'punct', 'flat', 'punct', 'det', 'appos', 'case', 'det', 'nmod', 'case', 'det', 'nmod', 'case', 'nmod', 'punct', 'case', 'det', 'amod', 'nmod', 'punct'], 
    'deps': ['0:root', '3:punct', '1:flat', '7:punct', '6:amod', '7:nsubj', '1:parataxis', '7:obj', '8:flat', '8:flat', '12:punct', '8:flat', '15:punct', '15:det', '8:appos', '18:case', '18:det', '15:nmod:at', '21:case', '21:det', '18:nmod:in', '23:case', '21:nmod:of', '28:punct', '28:case', '28:det', '28:amod', '21:nmod:near', '1:punct'], 
    'misc': ['SpaceAfter=No', 'SpaceAfter=No', None, None, None, None, None, None, None, 'SpaceAfter=No', 'SpaceAfter=No', 'SpaceAfter=No', None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, 'SpaceAfter=No', None, None, None, None, 'SpaceAfter=No', None], 
    'mwt': [],
    'empty_nodes': []
}

MWT Example (French):*

dataset = load_dataset("commul/universal_dependencies", "fr_gsd", split="train")
# Find sentence with MWT
example = [ex for ex in dataset if ex['mwt']][0]
print(example['mwt'])

# Output:
[{'id': '8-9', 'form': 'des', 'feats': None, 'misc': None}]
# This means example['tokens'][7:9] = ['de', 'les'] are combined as MWT surface form "des"

Data Splits

The file metadata.json stores additional information about the data, for example, available splits:

from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
import json

md = hf_hub_download(repo_id="commul/universal_dependencies", filename="metadata.json", repo_type="dataset")

with open(md, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    metadata = json.load(f)

[metadata[key]['splits'].keys() for key in metadata]

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

[More Information Needed]

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[More Information Needed]

Who are the source language producers?

[More Information Needed]

Annotations

Annotation process

[More Information Needed]

Who are the annotators?

[More Information Needed]

Personal and Sensitive Information

[More Information Needed]

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

[More Information Needed]

Discussion of Biases

[More Information Needed]

Other Known Limitations

[More Information Needed]

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

[More Information Needed]

Licensing Information

Universal Dependencies is a collection of linguistic data and tools. Each of the treebanks has its own license terms and you (the "User") are responsible for complying with the license terms applicable to those parts of UD which you use.

Details about the License Terms:

• https://lindat.mff.cuni.cz/repository/xmlui/page/license-ud-2.17

The ./tools/ are licensed under the Apache-2.0 license.

Citation Information

@misc{11234/1-6036,
   title = {Universal Dependencies 2.17},
   author = {Zeman, Daniel and Nivre, Joakim and Abrams, Mitchell and Ackermann, Elia and Adolphe, Jephtey and Aepli, No{\"e}mi and Aghaei, Hamid and Agi{\'c}, {\v Z}eljko and Ahmadi, Amir and Ahrenberg, Lars and Ajede, Chika Kennedy and Akhundjanova, Arofat and Akkurt, Furkan and Aleksandravi{\v c}i{\=u}t{\.e}, Gabriel{\.e} and Alfina, Ika and Algom, Avner and Alnajjar, Khalid and Alzetta, Chiara and Anastasopoulos, Antonios and Andersen, Erik and Andrews, Kirk and Andrews, Matthew and Antonsen, Lene and Aoyama, Tatsuya and Aplonova, Katya and Aquino, Angelina and Aragon, Carolina and Aranes, Glyd and Aranzabe, Maria Jesus and Ar{\i}can, Bilge Nas and Arnard{\'o}ttir, {\t H}{\'o}runn and Aroonmanakun, Wirote and Arutie, Gashaw and Arwidarasti, Jessica Naraiswari and Asadpour, Hiwa and Asahara, Masayuki and {\'A}sgeirsd{\'o}ttir, Katla and Aslan, Deniz Baran and Asmazo{\u g}lu, Cengiz and Ateyah, Luma and Atmaca, Furkan and Attia, Mohammed and Atutxa, Aitziber and Augustinus, Liesbeth and Avel{\~a}s, Mariana and Badmaeva, Elena and Bajorat, Jana and Balasubramani, Keerthana and Ballesteros, Miguel and Banerjee, Esha and Bank, Sebastian and Barbosa, Bryan Khelven da Silva and Barbu Mititelu, Verginica and Barkarson, Starkaður and Basile, Rodolfo and Basmov, Victoria and Batchelor, Colin and Bauer, John and Bedir, Seyyit Talha and Behzad, Shabnam and Beiner, Nathana{\"e}l and Belieni, Juan and B{\'e}mov{\'a}, Alevtina and Bengoetxea, Kepa and Benli, İbrahim and Ben Moshe, Yifat and Benzerrak, Marie and Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs and Berg, Ansu and Berk, G{\"o}zde and Bernhard, Delphine and Berntsson Ingelstam, Astrid and Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad and Biagetti, Erica and Bick, Eckhard and Bielinskien{\.e}, Agn{\.e} and Bilgin Ta{\c s}demir, Esma Fat{\i}ma and Binici, Helin and Bjarnad{\'o}ttir, Krist{\'{\i}}n and Blaschke, Verena and Blokland, Rogier and B{\"o}bel, Nina and Bobicev, Victoria and Boizou, Lo{\"{\i}}c and Bompolas, Stavros and Bonilla, Johnatan and Borges V{\"o}lker, Emanuel and Borin, Lars and B{\"o}rstell, Carl and Bosco, Cristina and Bouma, Gosse and Bowman, Sam and Boyd, Adriane and Braggaar, Anouck and Branco, Ant{\'o}nio and Bras, Myriam and Brillet, Th{\'e}o and Brokait{\.e}, Kristina and Bu, Lanni and Bur{\'a}{\v n}ov{\'a}, Eva and Burchardt, Aljoscha and Cabeza, Carmen and C{\'a}ceres Arandia, Natalia and Caftanatov, Olesea and Campos, Marisa and Candito, Marie and Cappello, Caterina Maria and Caron, Bernard and Caron, Gauthier and Carvalheiro, Catarina and Carvalho, Rita and Cassidy, Lauren and Castro, Maria Clara and Castro, S{\'e}rgio and Cavalcanti, Tatiana and Cebiro{\u g}lu Eryi{\u g}it, G{\"u}l{\c s}en and Cecchini, Flavio Massimiliano and Celano, Giuseppe G. A. and {\c C}epani, Anila and {\v C}{\'e}pl{\"o}, Slavom{\'{\i}}r and Cesur, Neslihan and Cetin, Savas and {\c C}etino{\u g}lu, {\"O}zlem and Chalub, Fabricio and Chamila, Liyanage and Chamoreau, Claudine and Chauhan, Shweta and Chen, Yifei and Chi, Ethan and Chika, Taishi and Cho, Yongseok and Choi, Jinho and Chontaeva, Bermet and Chun, Jayeol and Chung, Juyeon and Cignarella, Alessandra T. and Cinkov{\'a}, Silvie and Cocco, Esther and Collomb, Aur{\'e}lie and {\c C}{\"o}ltekin, {\c C}a{\u g}r{\i} and Connor, Miriam and Corbetta, Claudia and Corbetta, Daniela and Costa, Francisco and Courtin, Marine and Crabb{\'e}, Beno{\^{\i}}t and Cristescu, Mihaela and Cvetkoski, Vladimir and Dahan, Netanel and Dale, Ingerid L{\o}yning and D'Al{\`{\i}}, Sabrina and Daniel, Philemon and Daoudi, Khensa and Dash, Bijayalaxmi and Dash, Satya Ranjan and Davidson, Elizabeth and de Alencar, Leonel Figueiredo and Dehouck, Mathieu and de Laurentiis, Martina and de Marneffe, Marie-Catherine and Demir, Ahmet and de Paiva, Valeria and Derin, Mehmet Oguz and de Souza, Elvis and Diaz de Ilarraza, Arantza and D{\'{\i}}az Hern{\'a}ndez, Roberto Antonio and Dickerson, Carly and Di Felippo, Ariani and Dinakaramani, Arawinda and Di Nuovo, Elisa and Dione, Bamba and Dirix, Peter and Do, Hoa and Dobrovoljc, Kaja and D{\"o}hmer, Caroline and Doyle, Adrian and Dozat, Timothy and Droganova, Kira and Duran, Magali Sanches and Dwivedi, Puneet and Ebert, Christian and Eckhoff, Hanne and Eguchi, Masaki and Eiche, Sandra and Eiselen, Roald and Eli, Marhaba and Elkahky, Ali and Ephrem, Binyam and Erina, Olga and Erjavec, Toma{\v z} and Esher, Louise and Eslami, Soudabeh and Essaidi, Farah and Etienne, Aline and Evelyn, Wograine and Facundes, Sidney and Farkas, Rich{\'a}rd and Faryad, J{\'a}n and Favero, Federica and Ferdaousi, Jannatul and Fernanda, Mar{\'{\i}}lia and Fernandez Alcalde, Hector and Fethi, Amal and Foster, Jennifer and Francioni, Barbara and Fransen, Theodorus and Freitas, Cl{\'a}udia and Fujita, Kazunori and Gajdo{\v s}ov{\'a}, Katar{\'{\i}}na and Galbraith, Daniel and Galy, Edith and Gamba, Federica and Garcia, Marcos and Garc{\'{\i}}a-Miguel, Jos{\'e} Mar{\'{\i}}a and G{\"a}rdenfors, Moa and Gaustad, Tanja and Gen{\c c}, Efe Eren and Gerardi, Fabr{\'{\i}}cio Ferraz and Gerdes, Kim and Gessler, Luke and Ginter, Filip and Godoy, Gustavo and Goenaga, Iakes and Gojenola, Koldo and G{\"o}k{\i}rmak, Memduh and Goldberg, Yoav and Goldin, Gili and G{\'o}mez Guinovart, Xavier and Gonz{\'a}lez Saavedra, Berta and Goux, Mathieu and Grici{\=u}t{\.e}, Bernadeta and Grioni, Matias and Grobol, Lo{\"{\i}}c and Gr{\=u}z{\={\i}}tis, Normunds and Guglielmetti, Mario and Guillaume, Bruno and Guiller, Kirian and Guillot-Barbance, C{\'e}line and G{\"u}ng{\"o}r, Tunga and Gurevich, Vladimir and Habash, Nizar and Hafsteinsson, Hinrik and Hahn, Michael and Haji{\v c}, Jan and Haji{\v c} jr., Jan and Haji{\v c}ov{\'a}, Eva and H{\"a}m{\"a}l{\"a}inen, Mika and H{\`a} M{\~y}, Linh and Han, Na-Rae and Hanifmuti, Muhammad Yudistira and Harada, Takahiro and Hardwick, Sam and Harris, Kim and Hassert, Na{\"{\i}}ma and Haug, Dag and Havelka, Ji{\v r}{\'{\i}} and Heinecke, Johannes and Hellwig, Oliver and Hennig, Felix and Hladk{\'a}, Barbora and Hlav{\'a}{\v c}ov{\'a}, Jaroslava and Hociung, Florinel and Hoefels, Diana and Hoff, Barbara and Hohle, Petter and Howell, Nick and Huang, Yidi and Huerta Mendez, Marivel and Hwang, Jena and Ikeda, Takumi and Iliadou, Inessa and Ingason, Anton Karl and Ion, Radu and Irimia, Elena and Ishola, {\d O}l{\'a}j{\'{\i}}d{\'e} and Islamaj, Artan and Ito, Kaoru and Iurescia, Federica and Ivani, Jessica K. and Jagodzi{\'n}ska, Sandra and Jannat, Siratun and Jel{\'{\i}}nek, Tom{\'a}{\v s} and Jha, Apoorva and Jiamsundutsadee, Ratanon and Jiang, Katharine and Job, Sylvanus and Jobanputra, Mayank and Johannsen, Anders and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Hildur and J{\o}rgensen, Fredrik and Ju, Zhuoxuan and Juutinen, Markus and Ka{\c s}{\i}kara, H{\"u}ner and Kabaeva, Nadezhda and Kahane, Sylvain and Kanayama, Hiroshi and Kanerva, Jenna and Kara, Neslihan and Karah{\'o}ǧa, Ritv{\'a}n and K{\'a}rn{\'{\i}}k, Ji{\v r}{\'{\i}} and K{\aa}sen, Andre and Kayadelen, Tolga and Kengatharaiyer, Sarveswaran and Kettnerov{\'a}, V{\'a}clava and Kharatyan, Lilit and Kirchner, Jesse and Klementieva, Elena and Klyachko, Elena and Kocharov, Petr and K{\"o}hn, Arne and K{\"o}ksal, Abdullatif and Kol{\'a}{\v r}ov{\'a}, Veronika and Kopacewicz, Kamil and Korkiakangas, Timo and K{\"o}se, Mehmet and Koshevoy, Alexey and Kote, Nelda and Kotsyba, Natalia and Kova{\v c}i{\'c}, Barbara and Kovalevskait{\.e}, Jolanta and Kowner, Emmanuelle and Krek, Simon and Krishnamurthy, Parameswari and K{\"u}bler, Sandra and Ku{\v c}ov{\'a}, Lucie and Kuqi, Adrian and Kuriyozov, Elmurod and Kuyruk{\c c}u, O{\u g}uzhan and Kuzgun, Asl{\i} and Kwak, Sookyoung and Kyle, Kris and Laan, K{\"a}bi and Laippala, Veronika and Lambertino, Lorenzo and Landau, Israel and Lando, Tatiana and Larasati, Septina Dian and Larriv{\'e}e, Pierre and Lata, Kusum and Lavrentiev, Alexei and Lee, John and L{\^e} H{\`{\^o}}ng, Phương and Lenci, Alessandro and Leong, Wei Qi and Lertpradit, Saran and Leung, Herman and Levin, Lori and Levina, Maria and Levine, Lauren and Li, Cheuk Ying and Li, Josie and Li, Keying and Li, Yixuan and Li, Yuan and Lim, {KyungTae} and Lima Padovani, Bruna and Lin, Yi-Ju Jessica and Lind{\'e}n, Krister and Liu, Yang Janet and Liu, Zoey and Ljube{\v s}i{\'c}, Nikola and Lobzhanidze, Irina and Loginova, Olga and Lopatkov{\'a}, Mark{\'e}ta and Lopes, Lucelene and Luftiu, Edita and Lukashevskyi, Arsenii and Lusito, Stefano and Lutgen, Anne-Marie and Luthfi, Andry and Luukko, Mikko and Lyashevskaya, Olga and Lynn, Teresa and Macketanz, Vivien and Mahamdi, Menel and Maillard, Jean and Maitreenukul, Punyanuch and Makarchuk, Ilya and Makazhanov, Aibek and Mambrini, Francesco and Mandl, Michael and Manning, Christopher and Manurung, Ruli and Mar{\c s}an, B{\"u}{\c s}ra and M{\u a}r{\u a}nduc, C{\u a}t{\u a}lina and Mare{\v c}ek, David and Marheinecke, Katrin and Markantonatou, Stella and Mart{\'{\i}}nez Alonso, H{\'e}ctor and Mart{\'{\i}}n Rodr{\'{\i}}guez, Lorena and Martins, Andr{\'e} and Martins, Cl{\'a}udia and Masciolini, Arianna and Ma{\v s}ek, Jan and Matlatipov, Sanatbek and Matsuda, Hiroshi and Matsumoto, Yuji and Mauri, Caterina and Mazzei, Alessandro and {McDonald}, Ryan and {McGuinness}, Sarah and Mehta, Maitrey and M{\'e}nard, Pierre Andr{\'e} and Mendon{\c c}a, Gustavo and Merhav, Hilla and Merzhevich, Tatiana and Meurer, Paul and Miekka, Niko and Mikulov{\'a}, Marie and Milano, Emilia and Mileti{\'c}, Aleksandra and Miller, Aaron and Min, Junghyun and Minerbi, Yael and M{\'{\i}}rovsk{\'y}, Ji{\v r}{\'{\i}} and Mischenkova, Karina and Missil{\"a}, Anna and Mititelu, C{\u a}t{\u a}lin and Mitrofan, Maria and Miyao, Yusuke and Mohapatra, Biswakalpita and Mojiri Foroushani, {AmirHossein} and Moln{\'a}r, Judit and Moloodi, Amirsaeid and Montemagni, Simonetta and More, Amir and Moreno Romero, Laura and Moretti, Giovanni and Mori, Shinsuke and Morioka, Tomohiko and Moro, Shigeki and Mortensen, Bjartur and Moskalevskyi, Bohdan and Mouzou, Katerina and Muischnek, Kadri and Munro, Robert and Murawaki, Yugo and Mus, Nikolett and M{\"u}{\"u}risep, Kaili and Nainwani, Pinkey and Nakhl{\'e}, Mariam and Nassajian, Minoo and Navarro Hor{\~n}iacek, Juan Ignacio and Nedoluzhko, Anna and Ne{\v s}pore-B{\=e}rzkalne, Gunta and Nevaci, Manuela and Nguy{\~{\^e}}n Th{\d i}, Lương and Nguy{\~{\^e}}n Th{\d i} Minh, Huy{\`{\^e}}n and Nikaido, Yoshihiro and Nikolaev, Vitaly and Nitisaroj, Rattima and Norrman, Victor and Nourian, Alireza and Nov{\'a}k, Michal and Nunes, Maria das Gra{\c c}as Volpe and Nurmi, Hanna and Ojala, Stina and Ojha, Atul Kr. and {\'O}lad{\'o}ttir, Hulda and Ol{\'u}{\`o}kun, Ad{\'e}day{\d o}̀ and Omura, Mai and Onwuegbuzia, Emeka and Ordan, Noam and Osenova, Petya and {\"O}stling, Robert and Ott, Annika and {\O}vrelid, Lilja and Oya, Masanori and {\"O}zate{\c s}, {\c S}aziye Bet{\"u}l and {\"O}z{\c c}elik, Merve and {\"O}zg{\"u}r, Arzucan and {\"O}zt{\"u}rk Ba{\c s}aran, Balk{\i}z and Paccosi, Teresa and Pajas, Petr and Palakapilly, Thomas and Palmero Aprosio, Alessio and Panevov{\'a}, Jarmila and Pannitto, Ludovica and Panova, Anastasia and Pardo, Thiago Alexandre Salgueiro and Parida, Shantipriya and Park, Hyunji Hayley and Partanen, Niko and Pascual, Elena and Passarotti, Marco and Patejuk, Agnieszka and Paulino-Passos, Guilherme and Pedonese, Giulia and Peeters, Oggi and Peljak-{\L}api{\'n}ska, Angelika and Peng, Siyao and Peng, Siyao Logan and Pereira, Rita and Pereira, S{\'{\i}}lvia and Perez, Cenel-Augusto and Perkova, Natalia and Perrier, Guy and Petrov, Slav and Petrova, Daria and Pettersson, Eva and Peverelli, Andrea and Phelan, Jason and Pierre-Louis, Claudel and Piitulainen, Jussi and Pinter, Yuval and Pinto, Clara and Pintucci, Rodrigo and Pirinen, Tommi A and Pitler, Emily and Plamada, Magdalena and Plank, Barbara and Plum, Alistair and Poibeau, Thierry and Polpanumas, Charin and Ponomareva, Larisa and Popel, Martin and Poujade, Clamen{\c c}a and Prangwedana, Rangga Prangwedana and Pretkalni{\c n}a, Lauma and Pretorius, Rigardt and Pr{\'e}vost, Sophie and Prokopidis, Prokopis and Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam and Pugh, Robert and Puolakainen, Tiina and Purschke, Christoph and Pyysalo, Sampo and Qi, Peng and Querido, Andreia and R{\"a}{\"a}bis, Andriela and Rabinovich, Ella and Rademaker, Alexandre and Rahman, Mutee-u and Rahoman, Mizanur and Rama, Taraka and Ramasamy, Loganathan and Ramisch, Carlos and Ramos, Joana and Rashel, Fam and Rasooli, Mohammad Sadegh and Ravishankar, Vinit and Real, Livy and Rebeja, Petru and Reddy, Siva and Regnault, Mathilde and Rehm, Georg and Riabi, Arij and Riabov, Ivan and Rie{\ss}ler, Michael and Rimkut{\.e}, Erika and Rinaldi, Larissa and Rituma, Laura and Rizqiyah, Putri and Rocha, Luisa and R{\"o}gnvaldsson, Eir{\'{\i}}kur and Roksandic, Ivan and Roman, Norton Trevisan and Romanenko, Mykhailo and Romanova, Natalia and Rosa, Rudolf and Roșca, Valentin and Roulon, Paulette and Rovati, Davide and Rozonoyer, Ben and Rudina, Olga and Rueter, Jack and Ruffolo, Paolo and R{\'u}narsson, Kristj{\'a}n and Rushiti, Rozana and Rutherford, Attapol T. and Sadde, Shoval and Safari, Pegah and Sahala, Aleksi and Sahoo, Kalyanamalini and Sahoo, Saraswati and Saleh, Shadi and Salomoni, Alessio and Samard{\v z}i{\'c}, Tanja and Sampanis, Konstantinos and Samson, Stephanie and S{\'a}nchez-Rodr{\'{\i}}guez, Xulia and Sanguinetti, Manuela and San{\i}yar, Ezgi and S{\"a}rg, Dage and Sartor, Marta and Sarymsakova, Albina and Sasaki, Mitsuya and Saul{\={\i}}te, Baiba and Savary, Agata and Sawanakunanon, Yanin and Saxena, Shefali and Scannell, Kevin and Scarlata, Salvatore and Schang, Emmanuel and Schikowski, Robert and Schneider, Nathan and Schuster, Sebastian and Schwartz, Lane and Seddah, Djam{\'e} and Seeker, Wolfgang and Sellmer, Sven and Seraji, Mojgan and {\v S}ev{\v c}{\'{\i}}kov{\'a}, Magda and Sgall, Petr and Shahzadi, Syeda and Shen, Mo and Shimada, Atsuko and Shin, Gyu-Ho and Shirasu, Hiroyuki and Shishkina, Yana and Shohibussirri, Muh and Shvedova, Maria and Sibille, Jean and Siewert, Janine and Sigurðsson, Einar Freyr and Silva, Jo{\~a}o and Silveira, Aline and Silveira, Natalia and Silveira, Sara and Simi, Maria and Simionescu, Radu and Simk{\'o}, Katalin and {\v S}imkov{\'a}, M{\'a}ria and S{\'{\i}}monarson, Haukur Barri and Simov, Kiril and Sitchinava, Dmitri and Sither, Ted and Smith, Aaron and Soares-Bastos, Isabela and Solberg, Per Erik and Sollberger, Dolores and Sonnenhauser, Barbara and Sourov, Shafi and Speransky, Nina and Sprugnoli, Rachele and Sriwirote, Panyut and Stamou, Vivian and Steingr{\'{\i}}msson, Stein{\t h}{\'o}r and Stella, Antonio and {\v S}t{\v e}p{\'a}nek, Jan and {\v S}t{\v e}p{\'a}nkov{\'a}, Barbora and Stephen, Abishek and Straka, Milan and Strass, Omer and Strickland, Emmett and Strnadov{\'a}, Jana and Stymne, Sara and Suhr, Alane and Sulestio, Yogi Lesmana and Sulubacak, Umut and Sun, Jack and Sung, Hakyung and Suzuki, Shingo and Swanson, Daniel and Sz{\'a}nt{\'o}, Zsolt and Szawerna, Maria Irena and Taguchi, Chihiro and Taji, Dima and Talamo, Luigi and Tamburini, Fabio and Tan, Mary Ann C. and Tanaka, Takaaki and Tanaya, Dipta and Tavoni, Mirko and Teker, Nursena and Tella, Samson and Tellier, Isabelle and Testori, Marinella and Thanyawong, Santhawat and Thomas, Guillaume and T{\i}ra{\c s}, Tar{\i}k Emre and Tjhi, William Chandra and Tollersrud, Thea and Tomaszek, Kamil and Tonelli, Sara and Torga, Liisi and Toribio, Lucas and Toska, Marsida and Trosterud, Trond and Trukhina, Anna and Tsarfaty, Reut and Tulchynska, Kira and T{\"u}rk, Utku and Tyers, Francis and {\t H}{\'o}rðarson, Sveinbj{\"o}rn and {\t H}orsteinsson, Vilhj{\'a}lmur and Uematsu, Sumire and Untilov, Roman and Ure{\v s}ov{\'a}, Zde{\v n}ka and Uria, Larraitz and Uszkoreit, Hans and Utka, Andrius and Vagnoni, Elena and Vajjala, Sowmya and Vak, Socrates and Vakirtzian, Socrates and van der Goot, Rob and Vanhove, Martine and van Niekerk, Daniel and van Noord, Gertjan and Varga, Viktor and Vaz, Helena and Vedenina, Uliana and Venturi, Giulia and Vergez-Couret, Marianne and Verkerk, Annemarie and Vidov{\'a} Hladk{\'a}, Barbora and Villemonte de la Clergerie, Eric and Vincze, Veronika and Vissamsetty, Anishka and Vlasova, Natalia and Vligouridou, Eleni and Wakasa, Aya and Wallenberg, Joel C. and Wallin, Lars and Walsh, Abigail and Wang, John and Washington, Jonathan North and Weissweiler, Leonie and Wendt, Maximilan and Widmer, Paul and Wieczorek, Aleksandra and Wigderson, Shira and Wijono, Sri Hartati and Wille, Vanessa Berwanger and Williams, Seyi and Winkler, Miriam and Wintner, Shuly and Wir{\'e}n, Mats and Wittern, Christian and Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena and Woldemariam, Tsegay and Wong, Tak-sum and Wr{\'o}blewska, Alina and Wu, Qishen and Yako, Mary and Yamashita, Kayo and Yamazaki, Naoki and Yan, Chunxiao and Yang, Qizhen and Yang, Xiulin and Yasuoka, Koichi and Yavrumyan, Marat M. and Yenice, Arife Bet{\"u}l and Y{\i}landilo{\u g}lu, Enes and Y{\i}ld{\i}z, Olcay Taner and Yu, Zhuoran and Yuliawati, Arlisa and {\v Z}abokrtsk{\'y}, Zden{\v e}k and Zahra, Shorouq and Zeldes, Amir and Zhang, Annie and Zhang, Larry and Zhou, He and Zhu, Hanzhi and Zhu, Yilun and Zhuravleva, Anna and Ziane, Rayan and Znoti{\c n}{\v s}, Art{\=u}rs and Zucchini, Eleonora},
   url = {http://hdl.handle.net/11234/1-6036},
   note = {{LINDAT}/{CLARIAH}-{CZ} digital library at the Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics ({{\'U}FAL})},
   copyright = {Licence Universal Dependencies v2.17},
   year = {2025}
}

Contributions

Thanks to universal-dependencies for the original of this dataset.